Multi-drone based three-dimensional printing

ABSTRACT

Approaches presented herein enable forming a 3D object with a plurality of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also known as “drones”, configured to carry and deposit 3D printing material, and to fly to a depositing location (e.g., fly, hover, or land) to print a 3D object. Specifically, at a central controller, a set of specifications for a 3D object to be printed are obtained. The central controller directs each of a plurality of UAVs controlled by the central controller to fly to a depositing location where a layer of 3D printer material is to be deposited, the location determined from the set of specifications. In response to a UAV of the plurality reaching the depositing location, the central controller further directs the UAV of the plurality to apply the layer of 3D printer material to the depositing location.

RELATED APPLICATION

The present patent document is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/989,296, filed Jan. 6, 2016, entitled “MULTI-DRONE BASEDTHREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING”, the entire contents of which isincorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to three-dimensional (3D) printing and,more specifically, to centralized control of a plurality of drones for3D printing of an object.

BACKGROUND

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a process that can be used to make a3D object. The 3D object may be based on a 3D model, such as a physicalmodel or a virtual representation of a 3D model or object. The 3D objectis usually printed using an additive process in which successive layersof material are laid down as either liquid or particle form by acontrolling computer and instrumentation. For example, a 3D printer maydeposit one or more thin layers of raw material, and a print of a 3Dobject gradually materializes as the layers are built up step by step.The amount of detail possible in a 3D print may be determined, amongother things, by the thinness of the layers. A wide variety of types ofraw materials may be employed to print a 3D object, such as syntheticresin, ceramic powder, metal, or even glass.

In general, the size and shape of 3D printers vary by manufacturer,intended purpose, and financial cost. Typically, 3D printers areself-contained devices used to create an object within a defined spaceof the 3D printer. Because of this limitation, smaller objects aregenerally created with a 3D printer, while larger objects areconstructed outside of a 3D printer, using multiple smaller parts. As aresult, in order to create a large 3D printed object, a sufficientlylarge 3D printer must currently be obtained and/or assembled in situ toprint the entirety of the large object. Otherwise, the large object mustbe assembled piece-wise from smaller 3D printed objects. Very large 3Dprinters are generally bulky, cost-prohibitive, and inefficient or slow.Furthermore, a piece-wise assembled object introduces the risk of piecesfailing to fit together due to variations during manufacturing orassembly, resulting in a weakened structure. Furthermore, an assembledstructure must either be transported to a final site or built piece bypiece at a final site.

In a separate technological area, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV),commonly known as a drone, can be defined as an aircraft without a humanpilot aboard. Its flight is generally controlled either autonomously byonboard computers or by the remote control of a pilot on the ground orin another vehicle. Typical launch and recovery of a drone is usually byan automatic system or an external operator on the ground. TheInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) broadly classifiesdrones into two categories: autonomous aircraft and remotely pilotedaircraft. In general, drones vary in size and design depending, amongother things, on an intended purpose of the drone. For example, somedrones have military and special operation applications, while othersare used in civil applications, such as policing and firefighting, andnonmilitary security work, such as inspection of power or pipelines, andstill others are used for recreational purposes, among other purposes.To this extent, drones may be equipped with cameras and other tools forcarrying out a specific application.

WIPO International Patent Application WO/2015/073322 discloses: “Arobotic 3D printing system [that] has a six degree of freedom (DOF)robot that holds [a] platform on which [a] 3D part is built on. Thesystem uses the dexterity of the 6 DOF robot to move and rotate theplatform relative to [a] 3D printing head, which deposits the materialon the platform. The system allows the part build in 3D directly with asimple printing head and depositing the material along the gravitydirection. The 3D printing head is held by another robot or robots. Therobot movement can be calibrated to improve the accuracy and efficiencyfor high precision 3D part printing.”

U.S. Patent Application 2014/0054817 discloses: “a 3-dimensional (3D)printing device with a column, a climber attached to the column, and abeam attached to the climber such that the rectangular beam canangularly rotate with respect to the column.” U.S. Patent Application20140054817 further discloses in some embodiments that “a plurality of3D printing devices may be networked together.”

U.S. Pat. No. 7,291,002 discloses: “sensors . . . used to monitor andcontrol . . . functions, such as running diagnostic tests, performingcleaning of . . . printheads, refilling [a] build material dispenserassembly, cleaning [a] spreader assembly . . . .”

U.S. Patent Application 2014/0125767 discloses: “the use of athree-dimensional capture device that captures a plurality ofthree-dimensional images of an environment” to “build[] athree-dimensional composite scene.” U.S. Patent Application 20140125767further discloses that “possible implementations include, but are by nomeans limited to . . . 3D capture hardware . . . mounted to an aerialdrone such as a quadcopter”.

U.S. Patent Application 2014/0032034 discloses: “a delivery systemhaving unmanned aerial delivery vehicles and a logistics network forcontrol and monitoring. In certain embodiments, a ground stationprovides a location for interfacing between the delivery vehicles,packages carried by the vehicles and users. In certain embodiments, thedelivery vehicles autonomously navigate from one ground station toanother. In certain embodiments, the ground stations providenavigational aids that help the delivery vehicles locate the position ofthe ground station with increased accuracy.”

U.S. Patent Application 2004/0068415 discloses: “a multirobotic systemcomprised of automated mobile robotic vehicles (MRVs)”. “[A] network ofMRV drones provides sensor information to a lead MRV, which calculatesthe distance to objects in the environment. By using a method of opticflow to map coordinates in spatial positions, MRVs establish missionpriorities and work as a group to accomplish a mission.”

SUMMARY

In general, embodiments described herein provide for forming a 3D objectwith a plurality of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also known as“drones”, configured to carry and deposit 3D printing material, and tofly to a depositing location (e.g., fly, hover, or land) to print a 3Dobject. Specifically, at a central controller, a set of specificationsfor a 3D object to be printed are obtained. The central controllerdirects each of a plurality of UVAs controlled by the central controllerto fly to a depositing location where a layer of 3D printer material isto be deposited, the location determined from the set of specifications.In response to a UAV of the plurality reaching the depositing location,the central controller further directs the UAV of the plurality to applythe layer of 3D printer material to the depositing location.

One aspect of the present invention includes a method for forming athree-dimensional (3D) object. The method comprises obtaining, at acentral controller, a set of specifications for the 3D object. Themethod further comprises directing, by the central controller, eachunmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) of a plurality of UAVs controlled by thecentral controller to fly to a depositing location determined from theset of specifications upon which a layer of 3D printer material is to bedeposited. The method also comprises directing, by the centralcontroller, in response to an indication that a UAV of the plurality ofUAVs has reached the depositing location, the UAV to apply the layer of3D printer material to the depositing location. This method offersseveral advantages, such as, but not limited to, coordinated printing ofa 3D object by a plurality of UAVs.

The method may optionally further comprise monitoring at least one of anenergy level and a printer material level of each UAV of the pluralityof UAVs. Further, the method may comprise detecting, based on themonitoring, the at least one of an energy level and a printer materiallevel below a predetermined threshold for at least one UAV of theplurality of UAVs. The method may also comprise releasing a replacementUAV to a location of the at least one UAV of the plurality of UAVs andreassigning a printing mission of the at least one UAV of the pluralityof UAVs to the replacement UAV. This method offers several advantages,such as, but not limited to, coordinated printing of a 3D object andreplacement of depleted UAVs by new UAVs for unbroken completion of aprinting mission.

The method may optionally further comprise calculating a release time ofthe replacement UAV to optimize a hand-off from the at least one UAV ofthe plurality of UAVs to the replacement UAV. This, for example, allowsa replacement of an old UAV with a new UAV to be timed such that noresources are wasted during a printing mission.

The method of monitoring an energy level of each of the plurality ofUAVs may optionally further comprise calculating a remaining energy lifebased on at least one of: an energy level, a rate of energy consumption,an energy requirement to return to a staging area, a UAV weight, and aUAV performance. The method of monitoring a printer material level ofeach of the plurality of UAVs may optionally further comprisecalculating a remaining printer material supply life based on at leastone of: a printer material level, a rate of printer materialconsumption, and a performance. This offers, for example, an advantageof determining in advance when a printer UAV is likely to reach aminimum threshold and be eligible for replacement.

The method may optionally further comprise calculating, by the centralcontroller, a coordinated flight path for each UAV of the plurality ofUAVs and assigning each UAV of the plurality of UAVs a set of printinginstructions comprising the coordinated flight path. This techniqueenables, for example, a plurality of printer UAVs to act in unison toprint a 3D object.

The method may optionally further comprise receiving an image of the 3Dobject from a UAV comprising an optical sensor. This method may furthercomprise determining if at least one of a structure parameter, astrength parameter, and a progress parameter of the 3D object is outsideof a predetermined threshold based on the image. This method may furthercomprise modifying a printing mission of a UAV of the plurality of UAVsin the case that the at least one of a structure parameter, a strengthparameter, and a progress parameter of the 3D object is outside of thepredetermined threshold. This technique permits, for example, an activeprinting of a 3D object to be adjusted and printing instructionsdistributed to a plurality of printer UAVs to be modified in order to,for example, correct defects or variations in a 3D printed object.

The method may optionally further comprise each of the plurality of UAVsconfigured to at least one of: hover and deposit a layer of 3D printermaterial, land and deposit a layer of 3D printer material, and fly andinsert a printed 3D part into the 3D object. These techniques enable,for example, a plurality of coordinated UAVs to perform a variety ofprinting tasks.

The method may optionally further comprise communicating between thecentral controller and the plurality of UAVs over a network. Thistechnique permits, for example, synchronized networked control of aplurality of drones.

Another aspect of the present invention includes a computer system forforming a three-dimensional (3D) object, the computer system comprising:a plurality of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), each UAV of theplurality of UAVs having a propulsion apparatus, a communicationapparatus, and a 3D printer material depositing apparatus. The computersystem further comprises a central controller, comprising: a memorymedium comprising program instructions; a bus coupled to the memorymedium; and a processor for executing the program instructionscomprising a printing control tool. The instructions cause the system toobtain, at the central controller, a set of specifications for the 3Dobject. The instructions cause the system to direct, by the centralcontroller, each UAV of a plurality of UAVs controlled by the centralcontroller to fly to a depositing location determined from the set ofspecifications upon which a layer of 3D printer material is to bedeposited. Further, the instructions cause the system to direct, by thecentral controller, in response to an indication that a UAV of theplurality of UAVs has reached the depositing location, the UAV to applythe layer of 3D printer material to the depositing location.

Yet another aspect of the present invention includes a computer programproduct for forming a three-dimensional (3D) object. The computerprogram product comprises a computer readable storage device, andprogram instructions stored on the computer readable storage device, toobtain, at a central controller, a set of specifications for the 3Dobject. The computer readable storage device further comprisesinstructions to direct by the central controller, each unmanned aerialvehicle (UAV) of a plurality of UAVs controlled by the centralcontroller to fly to a depositing location determined from the set ofspecifications upon which a layer of 3D printer material is to bedeposited. Further, the computer readable storage device comprisesinstructions to direct, by the central controller, in response to anindication that a UAV of the plurality of UAVs has reached thedepositing location, the UAV to apply the layer of 3D printer materialto the depositing location.

Yet still another aspect of the present invention includes a method forforming a three-dimensional (3D) object, comprising: providing acomputer infrastructure that includes at least one computer device. Thecomputer device operates to perform the step of obtaining, at a centralcontroller, a set of specifications for the 3D object. The computerdevice further operates to perform the step of directing, by the centralcontroller, each unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) of a plurality of UAVscontrolled by the central controller to fly to a depositing locationdetermined from the set of specifications upon which a layer of 3Dprinter material is to be deposited. Further, the computer deviceoperates to perform the step of directing, by the central controller, inresponse to an indication that a UAV of the plurality of UAVs hasreached the depositing location, the UAV to apply the layer of 3Dprinter material to the depositing location.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features of this invention will be more readilyunderstood from the following detailed description of the variousaspects of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows an architecture in which the invention may be implementedaccording to illustrative embodiments;

FIG. 2 shows a more detailed system architecture for forming a 3D objectaccording to illustrative embodiments;

FIG. 3 shows system components according to illustrative embodiments;

FIG. 4A shows a drone according to illustrative embodiments;

FIG. 4B shows a 3D object being printed by a plurality of dronesaccording to illustrative embodiments;

FIG. 5 shows an implementation of a 3D printing process according toillustrative embodiments;

FIG. 6 shows a process flowchart for forming a 3D object according toillustrative embodiments; and

FIG. 7 shows another process flowchart for forming a 3D object accordingto illustrative embodiments.

The drawings are not necessarily to scale. The drawings are merelyrepresentations, not intended to portray specific parameters of theinvention. The drawings are intended to depict only typical embodimentsof the invention, and therefore should not be considered as limiting inscope. In the drawings, like numbering represents like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Illustrative embodiments will now be described more fully herein withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which illustrativeembodiments are shown. It will be appreciated that this disclosure maybe embodied in many different forms and should not be construed aslimited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein. Rather, theseembodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough andcomplete and will fully convey the scope of this disclosure to thoseskilled in the art.

Furthermore, the terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescribing particular embodiments only and is not intended to belimiting of this disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”,“an”, and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unlessthe context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, the use of theterms “a”, “an”, etc., do not denote a limitation of quantity, butrather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced items.Furthermore, similar elements in different figures may be assignedsimilar element numbers. It will be further understood that the terms“comprises” and/or “comprising”, or “includes” and/or “including”, whenused in this specification, specify the presence of stated features,regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, butdo not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features,regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/orgroups thereof.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, it may be appreciated that termssuch as “processing,” “detecting,” “determining,” “evaluating,”“receiving,” or the like, refer to the action and/or processes of acomputer or computing system, or similar electronic data center device,that manipulates and/or transforms data represented as physicalquantities (e.g., electronic) within the computing system's registersand/or memories into other data similarly represented as physicalquantities within the computing system's memories, registers or othersuch information storage, transmission or viewing devices. Theembodiments are not limited in this context.

As stated above, embodiments described herein provide for forming a 3Dobject with a plurality of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), hereinafter“drones”, configured to carry and deposit 3D printing material, and tofly to a depositing location (e.g., fly, hover, or land) to print a 3Dobject. Specifically, at a central controller, a set of specificationsfor a 3D object to be printed are obtained. The central controllerdirects each of a plurality of drones controlled by the centralcontroller to fly to a depositing location where a layer of 3D printermaterial is to be deposited, the location determined from the set ofspecifications. In response to a drone of the plurality reaching thedepositing location, the central controller further directs the drone ofthe plurality to apply the layer of 3D printer material to thedepositing location.

The inventors of the present invention have discovered severalrestrictions of current methods of 3D printing. More specifically, 3Dprinters are generally limited to the size of an object the 3D printercan print. Accordingly, under present solutions for creating large 3Dprinted objects, a 3D printer creates a set of smaller parts that canthen be assembled into larger parts or structures. This assembled objectis then moved to a final site, or pieces are transported to a final siteand assembled on site. This technique necessitates that a larger 3Dprinted object be assembled piece-wise and incurs the risk (for exampledue to manufacturing variations) that one or more pieces may not fittogether as planned.

The approaches described herein contain numerous advantages over presentmethods including, but not limited to, the creation of 3D objects of anysize on site through the use of multiple drones having 3D printingcapabilities. Approaches further include centralized programmaticcontrol of multiple drones comprising 3D printers, the drones carrying3D printing materials and being enabled to fly to a depositing location(e.g., fly, hover, or land) and to print a 3D object of any size onpremises. This centralized programmatic control offers, among otherthings, the advantages of continuous, on-site (e.g., an indoor warehouseor manufacturing facility, an outdoor location), whole-structureprinting by monitoring energy/power and printing material levels of aplurality of drones and deploying new drones to replace exhausteddrones. Furthermore, the approaches described herein for centralizedcontrol of drones may be programmable and repeatable at other locations,allowing for large custom jobs or optimization of a drone coordinationprogram for repeat usage. Furthermore, in the approaches describedherein, fresh 3D printing material may be shipped to a site for use by aplurality of drones to create an object instead of shipping a set ofparts or an assembled object.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a computerized implementation 10 of anembodiment for forming a 3D object will be shown and described.Computerized implementation 10 is only one example of a suitableimplementation and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to thescope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention describedherein. Regardless, computerized implementation 10 is capable of beingimplemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forthhereinabove.

In computerized implementation 10, there is a computer system 12, whichis operational with numerous other general purpose or special purposecomputing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-knowncomputing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may besuitable for use with computer system 12 include, but are not limitedto, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients,thick clients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems,microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumerelectronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computersystems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include anyof the above systems or devices, and the like.

This is intended to demonstrate, among other things, that the presentinvention could be implemented within a network environment (e.g., theInternet, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), avirtual private network (VPN), etc.), a cloud computing environment, acellular network, or on a stand-alone computer system. Communicationthroughout the network can occur via any combination of various types ofcommunication links. For example, the communication links can compriseaddressable connections that may utilize any combination of wired and/orwireless transmission methods. Where communications occur via theInternet, connectivity could be provided by conventional TCP/IPsockets-based protocol, and an Internet service provider could be usedto establish connectivity to the Internet. Still yet, computer system 12is intended to demonstrate that some or all of the components ofimplementation 10 could be deployed, managed, serviced, etc., by aservice provider who offers to implement, deploy, and/or perform thefunctions of the present invention for others.

Computer system 12 is intended to represent any type of computer systemthat may be implemented in deploying/realizing the teachings recitedherein. Computer system 12 may be described in the general context ofcomputer system executable instructions, such as program modules, beingexecuted by a computer system. Generally, program modules may includeroutines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and soon, that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract datatypes. In this particular example, computer system 12 represents anillustrative system for forming a 3D object. It should be understoodthat any other computers implemented under the present invention mayhave different components/software, but can perform similar functions.

Computer system 12 in computerized implementation 10 is shown in theform of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computersystem 12 may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors orprocessing units 16, a system memory 28, and a bus 18 that couplesvarious system components including system memory 28 to processor 16.

Bus 18 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures,including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, anaccelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of avariety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation,such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus,Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, VideoElectronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and PeripheralComponent Interconnects (PCI) bus.

Processing unit 16 refers, generally, to any apparatus that performslogic operations, computational tasks, control functions, etc. Aprocessor may include one or more subsystems, components, and/or otherprocessors. A processor will typically include various logic componentsthat operate using a clock signal to latch data, advance logic states,synchronize computations and logic operations, and/or provide othertiming functions. During operation, processing unit 16 collects androutes signals representing inputs and outputs between external devices14 and input devices (not shown). The signals can be transmitted over aLAN and/or a WAN (e.g., T1, T3, 56 kb, X.25), broadband connections(ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM), wireless links (802.11, Bluetooth, etc.), andso on. In some embodiments, the signals may be encrypted using, forexample, trusted key-pair encryption. Different systems may transmitinformation using different communication pathways, such as Ethernet orwireless networks, direct serial or parallel connections, USB,Firewire®, Bluetooth®, or other proprietary interfaces. (Firewire is aregistered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Bluetooth is a registeredtrademark of Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)).

In general, processing unit 16 executes computer program code, such asprogram code for forming a 3D object, which is stored in memory 28,storage system 34, and/or program/utility 40. While executing computerprogram code, processing unit 16 can read and/or write data to/frommemory 28, storage system 34, and program/utility 40.

Computer system 12 typically includes a variety of computer systemreadable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessibleby computer system 12, and it includes both volatile and non-volatilemedia, removable and non-removable media.

System memory 28 can include computer system readable media in the formof volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 30 and/or cachememory 32. Computer system/server 12 may further include otherremovable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storagemedia, (e.g., VCRs, DVRs, RAID arrays, USB hard drives, optical diskrecorders, flash storage devices, and/or any other data processing andstorage elements for storing and/or processing data). By way of exampleonly, storage system 34 can be provided for reading from and writing toa non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typicallycalled a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive forreading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk(e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from orwriting to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM,DVD-ROM, or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, eachcan be connected to bus 18 by one or more data media interfaces. As willbe further depicted and described below, memory 28 may include at leastone program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modulesthat are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of theinvention.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium including, but not limited to, wireless,wireline, optical fiber cable, radio-frequency (RF), etc., or anysuitable combination of the foregoing.

Program/utility 40, having a set (at least one) of program modules 42,may be stored in memory 28 by way of example, and not limitation. Memory28 may also have an operating system, one or more application programs,other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system,one or more application programs, other program modules, and programdata or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of anetworking environment. Program modules 42 generally carry out thefunctions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention asdescribed herein.

Computer system/server 12 may also communicate with one or more externaldevices 14 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display 24, etc.;one or more devices that enable a consumer to interact with computersystem/server 12; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.)that enable computer system/server 12 to communicate with one or moreother computing devices. Such communication can occur via I/O interfaces22. Still yet, computer system/server 12 can communicate with one ormore networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide areanetwork (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via networkadapter 20. As depicted, network adapter 20 communicates with the othercomponents of computer system/server 12 via bus 18. It should beunderstood that although not shown, other hardware and/or softwarecomponents could be used in conjunction with computer system/server 12.Examples include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers,redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems,tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.

Referring now to FIG. 2, printing control tool 202, which receives andanalyses data for forming a 3D object, will be described. As shown,printing control tool 202 receives status data such as energy level 210of one or more drones, printer material supply 212 of one or moredrones, structure and strength readings 214 of an object being printedfrom one or more observer drones, and staging data 216 describing astaging site for the one or more drones. Status data may also comprisetask status factors associated with one or more drones, such as alocation of a drone, an elevation of a drone, or a current stage of atask being performed (e.g., flying to, arriving at, or printing) by adrone.

In some embodiments, the status data may be periodically received byprinting control tool 202 (e.g., once per minute), or may be pushed toprinting control tool 202 (e.g., when a drone is nearing an energy orprinting material minimum threshold), or may be pulled to printingcontrol tool 202 (e.g., periodically, dynamically, randomly), or soforth.

Printing control tool 202 may comprise energy storage analysis component220. Energy storage analysis component 220 may receive status data onenergy level 210 of one or more drones and determine an energyexpectancy of a plurality of drones and one or more observer drones.Energy storage analysis component 220 may consider, and energy level 210may include, for example, a current energy level of a drone (e.g., abattery level or fuel level), a rate of energy consumption, an energyrequirement to return to a staging area and distance to staging area, aswell as other parameters such as drone weight, printing material weight,current flying conditions, and historic drone performance.

Printing control tool 202 may also comprise material storage analysiscomponent 230. Material storage analysis component 230 may receivestatus data on printer material supply 212 of one or more drones anddetermine a printer material expectancy of a plurality of drones.Material storage analysis component 230 may consider, and printermaterial supply 212 may include, for example, a current printer materiallevel of a drone (e.g., an amount of material in a storage tank), a rateof printer material consumption, as well as other parameters such asdrone printing performance, printing material performance, and historicdrone and printing material performance.

Printing control tool 202 may further comprise structure and strengthanalysis component 240 and printing instructions component 250.Structure and strength analysis component 240 may receive status data onstructure and strength readings 214 of an object being printed from oneor more observer drones and dynamically, periodically, etc., perform ananalysis on the structure and strength readings to determine if aprinted object being observed is within parameters or a threshold. Inthe event that a structure or strength of the printed object is outsideof a parameter or a threshold, printing instructions component 250 mayadjust a set of printing instructions of one or more drones to bring theprinted object back within the parameter or threshold. Printinginstructions component 250 may further comprise a set of specificationsdescribing an object being printed.

Printing control tool 202 may further comprise drone coordinationcomponent 260. Drone coordination component 260 may receive inputassociated with a plurality of drone energy levels from energy storageanalysis component 220, input associated with a plurality of droneprinter material supply levels from material storage analysis component230, input associated with a structure and/or strength of a printedobject from structure and strength analysis component 240, and a set ofprinting instructions from printing instructions component 250. Based onthese inputs, drone coordination component 260 determines a set ofsimultaneous flight and printing instructions for a plurality of dronesconfigured to print and at least one observer drone. Drone coordinationcomponent 260 may furthermore create a set of program instructions for aplurality of drones for carrying out these simultaneous flight andprinting instructions. For example, drone coordination component 260 maydetermine and program a set of flight paths for each drone, a set oftimes to initiate new drones, a set of times to recall exhausted drones,a set of printing missions for each drone, and so forth.

Printing control tool 202 may further comprise program component 270.Program component 270 may receive a set of flight instructions for aplurality of drones configured to print and optionally for at least oneobserver drone from drone coordination component 260 and/or a set ofprinting instructions for a plurality of drones from at least one ofdrone coordination component 260 or printing instructions component 250.Program component 270 may write, package, or arrange, etc., the sets offlight instructions and printing instructions for the plurality ofdrones and the observer drones. In one embodiment, flight instructionsand printing instructions may comprise a set of specifications. Morespecifically, the set of specifications may comprise a description of a3D object (e.g., dimensions, orientation, density, composition, etc.) tobe printed. This description may be translated into the sets of flightand printing instructions by drone coordination component 260 or programcomponent 270 by determining a portion of the 3D object in thespecification, determining a printing routine to construct that portionof the 3D object, and generating a printing mission entailing a set offlight and printing instructions for carrying out that printing routineto construct the portion of the 3D object described in the set ofspecifications.

Furthermore, program component 270 may organize a set of programinstructions for each drone. Program component 270 may furthermoretransmit or cause to be transmitted the program instructions for eachdrone to the plurality of drones having printing capability and theobserver drone. For example, a particular drone may receive atransmitted package of flight and printing instructions for thatparticular drone enabling that particular drone to carry out aparticular flying and printing mission.

It can be appreciated that the approaches disclosed herein can be usedwithin any computer system for forming a 3D object, as shown in FIG. 1.In this case, printing control tool 202 can be provided, and one or morecomputerized systems for performing the processes described inembodiments of the invention can be obtained and deployed to computersystem 12. To this extent, the deployment can comprise one or more of:(1) installing program code on a computing device, such as a computersystem, from a computer-readable medium; (2) adding one or morecomputing devices to the infrastructure; and (3) incorporating and/ormodifying one or more existing systems of the computer system to enablethe computer system to perform the process actions of embodiments of theinvention. In some embodiments, printing control tool 202 can beprovided as a program modules 42 stored in memory 28 (FIG. 1). Any ofenergy level 210 of one or more drones, printer material supply 212 ofone or more drones, structure and strength readings 214 of an objectbeing printed from one or more observer drones, and staging data 216 maybe stored in storage system 34, also stored in memory 28.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to deploy printing control tool202 locally to prevent time delays between a request by a user and asystem response. However, embodiments of the present invention may alsobe deployed, for example, as a cloud-based predictive service or as anyintermediary type of system.

Referring now to FIG. 3, system components of control system 300 areshown according to illustrative embodiments. In one embodiment,centralized programmable control system 300 comprises central controller302. Central controller 302 may be any server or computerized system.Central controller 302 may comprise printing control tool 202 and may beembodied in computer system 12 or any computerized device. In any case,central controller 302 is configured to program and coordinate each of aplurality of drones 304A-N having 3D printer capability (hereinafterdrones 304A-N) to carry 3D printing material 314, to fly to depositinglocation (e.g., fly, hover, and/or land), and deposit 3D printingmaterial 314 at the depositing location in coordination to print 3Dprinted object 306. This allows central controller 302 to control theactivities of a first drone (e.g., flying, hovering, printing), whilesimultaneously controlling the activities of a second drone (e.g.,flying, hovering, printing). In some embodiments, central controller 302monitors plurality of drones 304A-N and initiates a replacement dronewhen one of plurality of drones 304A-N reaches a low threshold of 3Dprinting material 314, reaches a low energy/power threshold, orotherwise experiences technical difficulty (e.g., an unexpectedmalfunction or breakdown). Central controller 302 and plurality ofdrones 304A-N may communicate on any network 308, such as 3G, 4G, orWi-Fi.

In another embodiment, centralized programmable control system 300 mayfurther comprise at least one observer drone 310 having at least onecamera 312. In some embodiments, observer drone 310 may be one of drones304 having printer capabilities, and in other embodiments, observerdrone 310 may be a separate drone specifically configured forobservation. Camera 312 may comprise any optical sensor now known orlater discovered, such as a digital camera, a digital video camera, etc.Observer drone 310 may be configured to optically view 3D printed object306 and/or plurality of drones 304A-N via camera 312. In someembodiments, observer drone 310 may hover or circle above 3D printedobject 306 at a distance/range of several feet (e.g., about 5-50 feet)or any distance sufficient to view and monitor a portion or a whole of3D printed object 306. Observer drone 310 may be further configured torecord structural, progress, and/or strength readings of 3D printedobject 306 via camera 312 and/or one or more other sensors residing onobserver drone 310 (e.g., a stress gauge, a strain gauge, a tensilegauge, a laser, etc.). Observer drone 310 may maneuver close to or landon a portion of 3D printed object 306 to determine the one or morestructural and/or strength readings. Observer drone 310 may relayreadings to central controller 302 via network 308 in order to adjustprinting of 3D printed object 306 to avoid issues with construction,alignment and/or potential structural issues such that the completed 3Dprinted object 306 meets the initially received specifications. Aprinting sequence may be adjusted in response to, for example, anunexpected drone malfunction, a building progress differing fromschedule, a structural variation differing from a parameter, an objectstrength differing from a threshold, and so forth.

In some embodiments, central controller 302 may be embodied as observerdrone 310. In alternative embodiments, central controller 302 may bedispersed across plurality of drones 304A-N in communication via network308.

In still further embodiments, centralized programmable control system300 comprises plurality of drones 304A-N. Each of plurality of drones304A-N comprises a base drone component which enables drones 304A-N toreceive flight and mission instructions from central controller 302.Each of plurality of drones 304A-N further comprises a 3D printercomponent which includes a printer material storage tank or cartridgeand a printing interface (e.g., a nozzle). In some embodiments, one ormore of plurality of drones 304A-N may comprise a robotic arm to inserta printed 3D part. In any case, each of the plurality of drones 304A-Nis configured to carry 3D printing material 314, to fly to depositinglocation (e.g., fly, hover, and/or land), and to deposit 3D printingmaterial 314 upon arrival at the depositing location in coordinationwith other drones 304A-N to print 3D printed object 306.

In some embodiments, centralized programmable control system 300 maycomprise staging area 316. Staging area 316 may be used as an operationsbase for plurality of drones 304A-N. For example, after a particulardrone 304N has completed a programmed 3D printing task, centralcontroller 302 may instruct the drone 304N to return to staging area 316(e.g., to refill depleted energy levels and/or to refill a tank orprinting cartridge of drone 304N with printing material 314).

In one instance, staging area 316 may be used to recharge or refuelenergy levels of exhausted/depleted drones 304A-N. For example, stagingarea 316 may include any electrical or battery charging station 318. Inanother embodiment, staging area 316 may contain a refueling station(not shown). Plurality of drones 304A-N may run on any energy source nowknown or later discovered, such as battery, fuel cell, oil, gas,electric, solar, atomics, etc. In any case, an energy level of pluralityof drones 304A-N is monitored by central controller 302 and drones witha low power or energy reading or with a completed task are recalled tostaging area 316 for recharging or refueling and/or preparation forfuture assignments.

In another instance, staging area 316 may be used to refill printermaterial levels of empty drones 304A-N. For example, staging area 316may include 3D printer material 314 reserve. 3D printer material 314 maybe any liquid, powder, paper or sheet material, etc. used for 3Dprinting. Moreover, printer material 314 may comprise one or more 3Dprinter materials now known or later discovered, such as plastics (e.g.,flexible, acrylic, metallic, elastic), thermoplastics (ABS,polycarbonate, high-performance ULTEM 1010, ULTEM 9085), photopolymers,organic plastic (e.g., PLA), metals (e.g., platinum, gold, silver,brass, bronze, steel), castable wax, sand, sandstone, ceramics, etc. Inany case, a printer material lever of plurality of drones 304A-N ismonitored by central controller 302, and drones with a low quantity ofprinter material or with a completed task are recalled to staging area316 for a material refill and/or preparation for future assignments.

Referring now to FIG. 4A, an illustrative example of a drone havingprinting capability according to illustrative embodiments is shown.Drone 470 may be any unmanned aerial vehicle, also known as a “drone”,now or later known. The depictions of drone 470 in FIG. 4A, as well asdrones 304A-N of FIG. 3, are merely for illustrative purposes and arenot intended to be limiting.

In some embodiments, drone 470 may comprise printing material storagetank 472. In some embodiments, printing material storage tank 472 may bea refillable tank configured to hold a quantity of printing material474. Printing material storage tank 472 may comprise printing materiallevel sensor 476 configured to register a quantity of material remainingin material storage tank 472. Drone 470 may further comprise printermaterial delivery apparatus 478. In some embodiments, printer materialdelivery apparatus 478 may be, for example, a printer nozzle, a sprayer,a hose, or any other apparatus for delivering a quantity of printermaterial to a surface of an object.

Drone 470 may further comprise communication interface 480.Communication interface 480 is configured to enable drone 470 tocommunicate with central controller 302 through network 308 (FIG. 3).Communication interface 480 is configured to send and receive signals,commands, and instructions via network 308 from central controller 302and/or one or more other drones. Communication interface 480 isfurthermore in communications with an on-board computerized processor ofdrone 470, which controls flying and printing activity of drone 470.Communication interface 480 relays signals, commands, and instructionsfrom central controller 302 to the on-board computerized processor ofdrone 470.

In some embodiments, drone 470 may optionally be further equipped withset of landing supports 482, such as a set of legs. Set of landingsupports 482 may be used by some drones to land on an object beingprinted. In some embodiments, set of landing supports 482 may beextendable. In some embodiments, drone 470 may optionally be furtherequipped with one or more tools 484, such as an arm. Tool 484 may beused by some drones for lifting and inserting a printed part into aprinted object.

In some embodiments, drone 470 may be further equipped with one or morepropulsion apparatuses 486, such as propellers, wings, engines, and anyother propulsion apparatuses now known or later discovered. Drone 470may also be equipped with additional hardware characteristic of a drone.For example, drone 470 may be equipped with a GPS or optical sensorother navigational sensor for determining a current location of drone470. This navigational sensor may be used by drone 470 to position drone470 at a location where 3D printer material is to be deposited accordingto a specification or to move drone 470 according to a specification.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, an illustrative example of a 3D object beingprinted by a plurality of drones having printing capability according toillustrative embodiments is shown. In this example, 3D object 400 isbeing printed by drone 410A and drone 410N in a coordinated fashion.Activity of drones 104A and 104N is coordinated from a centralcontroller (e.g., central controller 302 of FIG. 3), which may beembodied in observer drone 440 or as a separate computer device (e.g.,computer system 12 of FIG. 1). Within this example, a printing materiallow threshold in storage tank 430A of drone 410A has been reached.Likewise, drone 410A has also reached an energy/power low threshold ofenergy level 420A. Accordingly, central controller 302 (not shown)deploys drone 410B, having filled storage tank 430B and fullenergy/power 420B to a printing depositing location of drone 410A toreplace empty and exhausted drone 410A. In one embodiment, centralcontroller 302 detects that drone 410A is nearing a threshold anddeploys drone 410B such that drone 410B arrives to relieve drone 410A inadvance or just as drone 410A runs out of printer material, allowing fora seamless handoff without loss of production time. Meanwhile, as drone410B is traveling to the location of drone 410A to relieve drone 410A,drone 410N is depositing a layer of printer material at another locationon 3D object 400. Drone 410N is instructed by controller 302 to deposita layer of printing material in response to controller 302 receiving anindication that drone 410N is at a location where printer material is tobe deposited. Drone 410N, shown in FIG. 4B having an energy/power level420N above threshold and storage tank 430A above threshold, willcontinue to print its task programmed by controller 302 until at leastone threshold is reached. In some embodiments, central controller 302may coordinate drone 410A-N such that drone 410A is finishing a printingtask while drone 410B is simultaneously flying in to replace drone 410A,all while drone 410N is simultaneously printing its own printing task.

In another example referring to FIG. 4B, maneuvers of drones 450A-C areshown. Drones 450A-C may be configured to fly to depositing location(e.g., fly, hover, or land) and in some embodiments may be operable toinsert 3D printed part 460 into large 3D object 400. For example, drone450A is shown in FIG. 4B hovering just above a surface of existing 3Dobject 400 for continuous printing. In this approach, printer materialthat can be laid down, such as injected plastics, may be applied to asurface by drone 450A in thin layers while drone 450A hovers over thatsurface. In another example, drone 450B is shown in FIG. 4B landing on3D object 400 and raising itself as a structure of 3D object 400 isprinted. Drone 450B comprises legs or stilts 452 on which to land andbalance. In this approach, drone 450B lands on a structure that cansupport drone 450B. This may provide for a more stable 3D printing thanthe hover approach because drone 450B is stationary. In yet anotherexample, drone 450C is shown in FIG. 4B flying while carrying 3D printedpart 460 to insert into 3D object 400. In some embodiments, drone 450Cmay comprise a lifting tool and/or an inserting tool (e.g., robotic arm454, to insert 3D printed part 460 into 3D object 400). In someembodiments, drone 450C may print 3D printed part 460 itself or may pickup 3D printed part 460 from another 3D printer.

Referring now to FIG. 5, with references to FIG. 3, an implementation ofa 3D printing process 500 according to illustrative embodiments isshown. At step 505, a 3D object 306 to be printed, is defined,determined, and/or selected. For example, central controller 302 of FIG.3 may select a 3D model corresponding to 3D object 306. The 3D model mayconsist, for example, of a virtual design for 3D object 306, the virtualdesign being embodied in a set of printing instructions, for example. Inanother embodiment, 3D object to be printed may be defined by a set ofspecifications. Central controller 302 may furthermore determine anumber of drones 304A-N needed to print the selected 3D object, as wellas other project specifications such as the shape and coordinates of thefinal 3D object to be printed in 3D space. As printing material 314 islayered to form object 306, central controller 302 may track finalcoordinates object relative to printing progress and, for example,identify a drone to send to a point where printing is needed.

At step 510, a set of mission thresholds are defined for deployingreplacement drones. For example, a minimum energy/power supply level maybe set for one or more drones (e.g., based on weight of drone andprinter material, task, and travel distance) and a minimum printermaterial supply level may be set for one or more drones (e.g., based onreplacement time). When a drone reaches one or both of these minimums,central controller 302 recalls the drone and deploys a replacementdrone. Central controller 302 may calculate deployment and recallsequences based on a number of factors, such as a weight of printermaterial to be carried for a given 3D printing task for each drone in agiven sequence, and a travel time for a replacement drone from a stagingarea.

Central controller 302 initiates a 3D printing at step 515. In oneembodiment, central controller 302 identifies a first plurality ofdrones to deploy to begin printing object 306 in coordination. Forexample, central controller 302 may initiate drones 304A-N to take offfrom staging area 316 and fly to a printing location to print 3D objector structure 306. At step 520, coordinated and simultaneous printing of3D object 306 by drones 304A-N is performed or continued. Drones 304A-Nmay carry out a printing job using one or more techniques such as in air3D printing (with an optional insertion of a 3D printed part),continuous 3D printing while hovering, and/or landing on 3D object 306,and raising as a structure is printed.

As plurality of drones 304A-N print object 306, at step 525 plurality ofdrones 304A-N and 3D object 306 being printed are monitored by observerdrone 310 and central controller 302. This monitoring may includechecking, monitoring, or otherwise receiving a reading indicating aprinter material level in a storage tank of and an energy/power level ofeach of plurality of drones 304A-N. Plurality of drones 304A-N may eachcomprise one or more sensors for monitoring and relaying each of amaterial and an energy level to central controller 302. This monitoringmay also include checking a structure, strength, or progress of object306 (e.g., via digital images recorded by camera 312 of observer drone310). In any case, as a result of the monitoring, at step 530, centralcontroller 302 may deploy a replacement drone when one or both of thematerial and the energy level near or reach a minimum threshold.

Furthermore, at step 535 the monitored structure of 3D object 30 isanalyzed. This analysis may be used to determine if a structure,strength, or progress of object 306 meets a parameter of an expectedstructure of object 306. For example, central controller 302 maydetermine that object 306 is defective in some way (e.g., shape,strength, etc.). For instance, a comparison of images taken by camera312 of observer drone 310 may show differences between a current stateof object 306 and a desired programmed state or end state of object 306.The monitoring may also monitor drone behavior to determine, forexample, that one or more of drones 304A-N have experienced technicaldifficulties or are otherwise unable to perform. In any case, inresponse to the structural monitoring and/or drone behavior monitoring,at step 540 central controller 302 optionally adjusts printinginstructions to one or more of plurality of drones 304A-N. This mayinclude, in one instance, deploying additional drones to replacemalfunctioning ones. This may also include, in another instance,rearranging a printing sequence to avoid issues with construction orpotential structural issues.

Central controller 302 may continue to monitor drones 304A-N and 3Dobject 306 being printed as in step 525, deploy replacement drones as instep 530, and so forth, until a printing task is completed. Once aprinting task is completed, all drones 304A-N may be returned to stagingarea 316, for example, pending further instructions.

As depicted in FIG. 6, in another embodiment, a system (e.g., computersystem 12) carries out the methodologies disclosed herein. Shown is aprocess flowchart 600 for forming a 3D object. At step 602, a set ofspecifications for the 3D object is obtained at a central controller. Atstep 604, each drone or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) of a plurality ofUAVs controlled by the central controller is directed, by the centralcontroller, to fly to a depositing location determined from the set ofspecifications upon which a layer of 3D printer material is to bedeposited. At step 606, the UAV is directed, by the central controller,to apply the layer of 3D printer material to the depositing location, inresponse to an indication that a UAV of the plurality of UAVs hasreached the depositing location.

As depicted in FIG. 7, in one embodiment, a system (e.g., computersystem 12) carries out the methodologies disclosed herein. Shown is aprocess flowchart 700 for forming a 3D object. At step 702, a pluralityof drones each comprising a 3D printer and each assigned a mission toprint a portion of a 3D object simultaneously are released. At step 704,at least one of an energy level and a printer material level of each ofthe plurality of drones is monitored. At step 706, the at least one ofan energy level and a printer material level is detected, based on themonitoring, below a predetermined threshold for at least one drone ofthe plurality of drones. At step 708, a replacement drone is released toa location of the at least one drone of the plurality of drones. At step710, a printing mission of the at least one drone of the plurality ofdrones is reassigned to the replacement drone.

Process flowcharts 600 of FIGS. 6 and 700 of FIG. 7 illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowcharts may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, whichcomprises one or more executable instructions for implementing thespecified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in somealternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks mightoccur out of the order depicted in the figures. For example, two blocksshown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently. It will also be noted that each block of flowchartillustration can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations ofspecial purpose hardware and computer instructions.

Some of the functional components described in this specification havebeen labeled as systems or units in order to more particularly emphasizetheir implementation independence. For example, a system or unit may beimplemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom VLSI circuits orgate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips,transistors, or other discrete components. A system or unit may also beimplemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmablegate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices or thelike. A system or unit may also be implemented in software for executionby various types of processors. A system or unit or component ofexecutable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical orlogical blocks of computer instructions, which may, for instance, beorganized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, theexecutables of an identified system or unit need not be physicallylocated together, but may comprise disparate instructions stored indifferent locations which, when joined logically together, comprise thesystem or unit and achieve the stated purpose for the system or unit.

Further, a system or unit of executable code could be a singleinstruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed overseveral different code segments, among different programs, and acrossseveral memory devices. Similarly, operational data may be identifiedand illustrated herein within modules, and may be embodied in anysuitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure.The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may bedistributed over different locations including over different storagedevices and disparate memory devices.

Furthermore, systems/units may also be implemented as a combination ofsoftware and one or more hardware devices. For instance, program/utility40 may be embodied in the combination of a software executable codestored on a memory medium (e.g., memory storage device). In a furtherexample, a system or unit may be the combination of a processor thatoperates on a set of operational data.

As noted above, some of the embodiments may be embodied in hardware. Thehardware may be referenced as a hardware element. In general, a hardwareelement may refer to any hardware structures arranged to perform certainoperations. In one embodiment, for example, the hardware elements mayinclude any analog or digital electrical or electronic elementsfabricated on a substrate. The fabrication may be performed usingsilicon-based integrated circuit (IC) techniques, such as complementarymetal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), bipolar, and bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS)techniques, for example. Examples of hardware elements may includeprocessors, microprocessors, circuits, circuit elements (e.g.,transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integratedcircuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmablelogic devices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmablegate array (FPGA), logic gates, registers, semiconductor devices, chips,microchips, chip sets, and so forth. However, the embodiments are notlimited in this context.

Any of the components provided herein can be deployed, managed,serviced, etc., by a service provider that offers to deploy or integratecomputing infrastructure with respect to a process for forming a 3Dobject. Thus, embodiments herein disclose a process for supportingcomputer infrastructure, comprising integrating, hosting, maintaining,and deploying computer-readable code into a computing system (e.g.,computer system 12), wherein the code in combination with the computingsystem is capable of performing the functions described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method that performs theprocess steps of the invention on a subscription, advertising, and/orfee basis. That is, a service provider, such as a Solution Integrator,can offer to create, maintain, support, etc., a process for forming a 3Dobject. In this case, the service provider can create, maintain,support, etc., a computer infrastructure that performs the process stepsof the invention for one or more customers. In return, the serviceprovider can receive payment from the customer(s) under a subscriptionand/or fee agreement, and/or the service provider can receive paymentfrom the sale of advertising content to one or more third parties.

Also noted above, some embodiments may be embodied in software. Thesoftware may be referenced as a software element. In general, a softwareelement may refer to any software structures arranged to perform certainoperations. In one embodiment, for example, the software elements mayinclude program instructions and/or data adapted for execution by ahardware element, such as a processor. Program instructions may includean organized list of commands comprising words, values, or symbolsarranged in a predetermined syntax that, when executed, may cause aprocessor to perform a corresponding set of operations.

The present invention may also be a computer program product. Thecomputer program product may include a computer readable storage medium(or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon forcausing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

It is apparent that there has been provided herein approaches to forminga 3D object with a plurality of drones. While the invention has beenparticularly shown and described in conjunction with exemplaryembodiments, it will be appreciated that variations and modificationswill occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is to beunderstood that the appended claims are intended to cover all suchmodifications and changes that fall within the true spirit of theinvention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer program product for forming athree-dimensional (3D) object, the computer program product comprising acomputer readable storage device, and program instructions stored on thecomputer readable storage device, to: obtain, at a central controller, aset of specifications for the 3D object; direct by the centralcontroller, each unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) of a plurality of UAVscontrolled by the central controller to fly to a depositing locationdetermined from the set of specifications upon which a layer of 3Dprinter material is to be deposited; direct, by the central controller,in response to an indication that a UAV of the plurality of UAVs hasreached the depositing location, the UAV to apply the layer of 3Dprinter material to the depositing location; monitor, by the centralcontroller, a reserve of a resource in each of the plurality of UAVs asthe UAV applies the printer material and a progress, through an observerUAV of the plurality of UAVs, of a deposition of the 3D printingmaterial at the depositing location; detect, by the central controller,a defect in the progress of the deposition of the 3D printing material;and adjust, by the central controller, responsive to the detecteddefect, a deployment and recall sequence for the plurality of UAVs basedon the defect and the monitored resource of the plurality of UAVs. 2.The computer program product of claim 1, the computer readable storagedevice further comprising instructions to: monitor at least one of anenergy level and a printer material level of each UAV of the pluralityof UAVs; detect, based on the monitoring, the at least one of an energylevel and a printer material level below a predetermined threshold forat least one UAV of the plurality of UAVs; release a replacement UAV toa location of the at least one UAV of the plurality of UAVs; andreassign a printing mission of the at least one UAV of the plurality ofUAVs to the replacement UAV.
 3. The computer program product of claim 2,the computer readable storage device further comprising instructions to:calculate a release time of the replacement UAV to optimize a hand-offfrom the at least one UAV of the plurality of UAVs to the replacementUAV.
 4. The computer program product of claim 2, wherein: the monitoringthe energy level further comprises calculating a remaining energy lifebased on at least one of: an energy level, a rate of energy consumption,an energy requirement to return to a staging area, a UAV weight, and aUAV performance; and the monitoring the printer material level furthercomprises calculating a remaining printer material supply life based onat least one of: a printer material level, a rate of printer materialconsumption, and a performance.
 5. The computer program product of claim1, the computer readable storage device further comprising instructionsto: calculate, by the central controller, a coordinated flight path foreach UAV of the plurality of UAVs; and assign each UAV of the pluralityof UAVs a set of printing instructions comprising the coordinated flightpath.
 6. The computer program product of claim 1, the computer readablestorage device further comprising instructions to: receive an image ofthe 3D object from a UAV comprising an optical sensor; determine if atleast one of a structure parameter, a strength parameter, and a progressparameter of the 3D object is outside of a predetermined threshold basedon the image; and modify a printing mission of a UAV of the plurality ofUAVs in the case that the at least one of a structure parameter, astrength parameter, and a progress parameter of the 3D object is outsideof the predetermined threshold.
 7. The computer program product of claim1, wherein each UAV of the plurality of UAVs is configured to at leastone of: hover and deposit a layer of 3D printer material, land anddeposit a layer of 3D printer material, and fly and insert a printed 3Dpart into the 3D object, and raise as depositing a layer of 3D printermaterial.
 8. The computer program product of claim 1, the computerreadable storage device further comprising instructions to cause thecentral controller to communicate with the plurality of drones over anetwork.